The Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Nigerian Education Loan Fund, Mr Akintunde Sawyerr, on Wednesday, said the fund has disbursed over N10bn to successful applicants since the commencement of the scheme in August 2024.

This is just as he dismissed the fears in some quarters that the student loan scheme may be discriminatory against some applicants.

He stated this on Wednesday during a maiden meeting of NELFUND with the House of Representatives Committee on Student Loans, Scholarships, and Higher Education Financing, at the National Assembly Complex, Abuja.

Sawyerr assured the committee that the fund had reached out to every part of the country, particularly the South-East, which had earlier complained of marginalisation.

He said, “So far, the fund has received over 350,000 applications and disbursed over N10bn with a commitment to disbursing N90bn in tuition fees and stipends.

“Applications are coming in at an average of over 1,000 per day, and we are making special provisions for students living with disabilities.

“Moreover, we are focused on addressing the barriers to girl-child education, recognising that denying girls the opportunity for further education is denying the nation a chance to benefit from their incredible leadership potential.

“With 70 per cent of our population under the age of 35, failing to provide access to education for this segment exposes Nigeria to a future fraught with instability and violence. This intervention by President Bola Tinubu could not have come at a better time.”

He described the scheme as a unique palliative with a long-term solution to the challenges facing access to education in Nigeria.

“This administration of President Bola Tinubu has introduced many brilliant policies, and the student loan initiative hits close to home. It is reaching every corner of the nation-East, West, North, and South.

“This policy is not discriminatory; it is inclusive, ensuring that every Nigerian, regardless of location or background, has access to the education they deserve.

“It is akin to monumental policies such as the free education programme of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, the establishment of the National Youth Service Corps by Gen Yakubu Gowon, and the creation of federal universities.

“These policies have shaped Nigeria’s development, and the student loan initiative is equally progressive, representing an investment in our nation’s future,” he added.

The Chairman of the Committee, Gboyega Isiaka (APC, Ogun), described NELFUND as a critical agency created not only to provide loans but also to create a future where every Nigerian youth has the opportunity to realise his or her potential.

He urged the management of the fund to be proactive, saying, “We want, for example, to be able to tell ourselves where NELFUND will be within the next three to five years. How is it going to get there? And what are the issues that we need to address for them to get there?”

[Vanguard]

Chairman of Nigerian Insurers Association, NIA, Mr. Kunle Ahmed, has said that the insurance industry has a role to play in de-risking vital sectors, driving financial inclusion, and creating a resilient economic framework as the government embarks on various economic reforms.

He stated: “With the government outlining ambitious priorities for socio-economic transformation, there is an increasing need for industries that can support this vision. One such industry is insurance—an often overlooked but critical player in economic development. “As we move forward, the role of insurance in de-risking vital sectors, driving financial inclusion, and creating a resilient economic framework cannot be overstated.”

According to him, globally, insurance has proven to be a powerful tool for stabilizing economies, protecting investments, and providing the financial resilience that allows societies to thrive. But he lamented that, “in Nigeria, depending on your source of data, insurance penetration remains strikingly low. We currently lag far behind African and global averages despite being one of the continent’s largest economies.”

He listed his strategic focus as the new NIA Chairman to include: customer-centricity, digital transformation, commitment to excellence, advocacy and collaboration, as well as education and awareness.

On customer-centricity, Ahmed said: “Enhancing customer satisfaction will be our priority. This will involve driving programs, initiatives, and policies to simplify the insurance onboarding process, improve claims handling, and ensure transparency in our operations.”

On digital transformation, he said: “Our sector has historically been slow to adopt digital solutions. Moving forward, embracing digital innovation will be essential.”

On education and awareness, he said: “Raising awareness about the importance of insurance is vital not just for our industry growth but for our economic development. We will expand our outreach initiatives, including educational programs in schools and partnerships with your esteemed media organization and institutions to disseminate information about insurance products and their benefits”.

[Vanguard]

Wale Edun, the minister of finance and coordinating minister of the economy, says the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) Limited has commenced the process of paying the $6 billion debt owed to suppliers.

Edun spoke on Wednesday during an engagement with investors in Washington DC.

The global investors’ forum was held on the sidelines of the 2024 annual meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.

Addressing a question on the supply arrears the NNPC owes to refined petrol suppliers, Edun said the national oil firm would soon start clearing the debt, making clarification on the petrol subsidy removal announced earlier in the year.

“In terms of NNPC and their situation, the reality is that, although the subsidy on May 29, 2023, was removed and was no longer on the balance sheet of the government, it did rear its head, not in terms of petrol subsidy, but foreign exchange subsidy, which was borne elsewhere, and borne mainly by NNPC,” the minister said.

“I think what I can say about their own situation is with where they are now, they have a route to paying down their payables and I’m sure that in no time at all, they will start. From what I understand, they have even commenced the process of paying down their payables.”

On September 1, the NNPC had admitted to owing the sum of $6 billion to suppliers of petrol, also known as premium motor spirit (PMS).

Speaking on the issue, Olufemi Soneye, the company’s chief corporate communications officer, said the NNPC is facing a serious financial strain due to the petrol supply costs — a development that is affecting the company’s ability to sustain PMS supply.

[TheCable]

Members of my generation who lived or spent holidays in Lagos during the late seventies to the nineties remember men whose lives were ruined by gambling. These were people adept at “perming” numbers, even in their sleep, with the assurance they would hit the jackpot the next day. “Koraa dagun lose yi” (the promoter of the gambling house is in trouble this week) was the usual refrain which came with at least “a sure banker.” Yet, for most of these gamblers, it was the story of the fool and his money because their ‘tomorrow’ never came. While that habit was restricted to a few in the past, gambling has now become a serious social problem in Nigeria. And relevant stakeholders are not paying attention. Worse still, school children are increasingly getting hooked on one form of gambling or another. 

Let me be upfront here. I have no problem with adults who gamble. And I am aware of a place in Abuja they call ‘The Great Gambler’ where the movers and shakers of our country gather each weekend to play ‘Kalokalo’ with their loot. But I am concerned when children are introduced to this destructive habit so early in their lives, without any restriction. Section 34 of the National Lottery Act 2005 makes betting illegal for children in Nigeria, as it is in all countries. “Any person who knowingly sells to any person under the age of 18 years any ticket in a lottery operated by a licensee commits an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of not less than N20,000 or imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or both such fine and imprisonment,” the Act states. But in a milieu where laws are rarely enforced, it is little wonder that across the country today, even primary school children (in uniform) are found in gambling joints during the day.

I am aware that gambling is a huge industry in Nigeria today with several billions of Naira changing hands (including under the table) between and among stakeholders in both the private and public sectors. And it has generated huge employment opportunities. But we must also think about the future of our country and the social dislocation that gambling is causing within our society. With the economic challenge that has made life very difficult for the average Nigerian it is no surprise that many of our people are looking for all manner of ‘miracles’ to survive. It is this desperation that has made gambling all pervasive and the pressure it brings is already accentuating other vices. A joint paper, ‘An Overview of Gambling in Nigeria’ published on the website of the United States National Library of Medicine, and authored by Chinyere Mirian Oguocha, a Nigerian Professor at the Imo State University and Sanju George, an Indian Professor at Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, is quite revealing on this malaise. “In spite of the laws regulating gambling in Nigeria, about 57.2% of school-age children have gambled at least once in their lifetime and 77.6% of these have gambled in the past year, with 58.3% reporting unfettered access to gambling dens,” the duo wrote.

Meanwhile, even when gambling may be advertised as entertainment to deceive the unwary, especially in societies like ours, science has since confirmed it to be a behavioural problem. “Playing a game of chance activates the brain’s reward system, releasing a strong dopamine hit and a feeling of pleasure. The same mechanism is at play whether the person is standing at the roulette table or playing on their phone,” Charlotte Aynsley, an e-safety consultant wrote to affirm what psychiatrists have since discovered. “Psychologists call this effect ‘variable rate reinforcement’. The player, in this case, is rewarded in an unpredictable manner – and the more uncertainty there is, the more dopamine gets released.”

Gambling is considered harmful in numerous ways, including causing financial stress, family dislocations, mental health challenges and domestic violence. In her piece, ‘Game over: the risks of children gambling’, a child psychiatrist, Charlotte Goddard explores associated issues. Referencing statistics from the National Audit Office, she wrote that there are around 55,000 ‘problem’ gamblers aged 11 to 16 in the United Kingdom, with a further 85,000 estimated to be at risk. “A 2019 Gambling Commission survey found 11 percent of 11- to 16-year-olds said they spent their own money on gambling in the past week,” she wrote.

This, of course, is a global problem with young people taking to gambling through internet games without even realising it. “They are not going into bookies,” says Alexa Roseblade, senior programmes manager at GamCare, a charity. “A lot of young people are gambling with friends such as making a bet about who will win a race.” That’s usually how it starts and before they know it, they are hooked. For young people, gambling and gaming are often closely linked, according to Goddard. “Games themselves can encourage behaviour linked to gambling. A game might cost £40 but children are encouraged to spend more money to progress further. There are also issues around ‘loot boxes’, where players are encouraged to buy mystery prizes within a game, without knowing what they will get.”

The issue here is that most countries already recognise the problem. And they are finding both preventive and curative solutions to the challenge. In the UK, for instance, they have NHS’s National Centre for Behavioural Addictions houses, the National Problem Gambling Clinic and the National Centre for Gaming Disorders. There are also parent support groups which aim to help parents set boundaries and communicate more effectively with their children on the danger of gambling. In 2021, the RSHE statutory guidance for schools and education introduced the topic of gambling to the curriculum. But in Nigeria, there are no such interventions, even while many of our young people gamble their future away.

In a society where many people have been conditioned to believe that wealth has no correlation with work, we should not be surprised that young Nigerians are taking to gambling thinking that is the surest route for them to ‘hammer’. The situation is not helped by the economic situation in the country and the dearth of employment opportunities. That has encouraged the proliferation of online sports betting and Cybercafés dedicated to all forms of lottery. But the danger to children should compel action, even though this government is so obsessed with revenue generation. Besides the impact on their performance in school, other tell-tale signs that children might be hooked on gambling include becoming agitated or upset for no apparent reason, withdrawing from family and friends, being secretive about (or always being short of) money etc.

I am delighted that an NGO, ‘Gamble Alert’, has dedicated itself to preventing gambling harm and providing free therapy, emotional support and treatment services for those already addicted. The organisation’s mission is encapsulated in its commitment to creating “a safe haven for individuals harmed by their own gambling or their important others’ gambling to find solace and rediscover their strength.” That ‘Gamble Alert’ focuses on sensitizing young people to the dangers of underage gambling through discussions and educational materials, is commendable. And we need more of such efforts.

In their paper earlier referenced, the duo of Aguocha and George concluded that “There needs to be a wider debate about gambling as a public health issue in Nigeria, involving key stakeholders such as academics, healthcare professionals, policy makers and the gambling industry”. They added: “Positive action is required to minimise gambling-related harm to the people of Nigeria.”

I wholeheartedly concur!

Nigeria and the Challenge of Accountability

(With the theme, ‘Enhancing Accountability: Limiting Vulnerabilities’, the Nigeria Accountability Summit 2024 continues today in Abuja. Below is my keynote speech at the opening session yesterday morning)

I am aware that when you talk about accountability, people think you are referring to money. But accountability is much more than that. For me, nothing illustrates the real essence of accountability better than a story I once shared in my column. Concerned that her son was addicted to eating to much sugar, a mother sought appointment to see the legendary Indian leader, Mahatma Gandhi. When she finally did, with her son in tow, she said: “The whole nation listens to you, please tell my son to stop eating sugar, as it is not good for his health”. Ghandi replied, “I cannot tell him that. But you may bring him back in a few weeks and then I will talk to him.” 

Upset and disappointed, the mother took the boy home. Two weeks later, she came back. This time Gandhi looked directly at the boy and said “Son, you should stop eating sugar. It is not good for your health.” The boy nodded his head and made a solemn commitment to heed the admonition. Puzzled, the boy’s mother asked Ghandi, “Why did you send us away two weeks ago when you could have simply told the boy what you just did?”

That, for me, sums up what accountability is all about.

I am delighted to be here this morning for the Nigeria Accountability Summit (NAS) 2024. I understand that the two-day programme is basically for assessing the progress made in achieving the 8-point agenda of the current administration and related priority areas for government at the subnational levels. I remember that in August 2023, the Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy, Wale Edun presented the ‘Roadmap for the Economy’, which highlighted eight priority areas for the administration. They are food security, poverty eradication, economic growth and job creation, access to capital, improving security, rule of law and fighting corruption. It is more than one year since that public proclamation, and the jury is now out as to whether anything concrete has been achieved regarding those lofty objectives.

Since I am not familiar with what President Bola Tinubu has done with his 8-point agenda, I would prefer to restrict my brief intervention this morning to the general notion of ‘accountability’ which is of great importance in all aspects of human endeavour. However, I may also say a few words about the promised food security, job creation, rule of law and all that before I take my seat, although I am more interested in the outcome of your overview of the 8-point agenda.

Accountability is a core pillar of good governance and its relevance in one’s personal and public life cannot be overemphasised. Indeed, at the heart of any meaningful development is accountability and it is enshrined in the 1999 Constitution (as amended). Section 15(5) states that: “the state shall abolish all corrupt practices and abuse of power; emphasising the government’s commitment to accountability and transparency.” This is further amplified in Section 16(1): “It is the responsibility of the state to harness the resources of the nation and promote national prosperity and an efficient, dynamic, and self-reliant economy for every citizen.”

There can be no better definition of accountability than the one proffered by this institution. “The concept of accountability is central to discussion related to problems not just in the non-profit and corporate environment but also in the public sector,” quoting from your website. “It is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility for action, products, decisions, and policies including the administration, governance, and implementation within the scope of leadership role or employment position and encompassing the obligation to report, explain and answer for resulting consequences.” That for me says it all about why, without accountability, it is impossible to deliver on the public good.

In its ordinary meaning, accountability is an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility for one’s action. It is being held answerable for accomplishing a goal or assignment. It is being self-aware, admitting one’s mistakes and accepting the consequences of one’s actions. Thomas Paine, who authored ‘The Rights of Man’, once wrote that, “a body of men holding themselves accountable to nobody ought not to be trusted by anybody.” The tragedy of Nigeria is that the people and institutions responsible for oversight of public expenditure are themselves not accountable. You find the greatest lawbreakers among our lawmakers. Many of our Judges promote injustice. Let’s not even go to the religious sector where clerics mouth what they neither practice nor believe in.

Some centuries ago, a famous philosopher, Joseph de Maistre famously said: “Every nation gets the government it deserves.” What he meant was that it’s up to the citizens of every nation not only to elect the right leaders, but also to hold them accountable. Unfortunately, Nigerians do not perform this sacred duty; they don’t act as a bulwark against bad leadership. Indeed, a former Minister of Trade and Investment, Mr Olusegun Aganga, said in his book, ‘Reclaiming the Jewel of Africa’ that the average Nigerian citizen “needs to be reminded what it means to be a citizen all over again.” This, of course, is not to suggest that accountability is only for elected officials. For example, citizens should also be accountable for paying tax. Perhaps that is where the problem lies because we live in a country where most shirk this obligation. In countries where the majority of people pay taxes, there is a strong demand for good governance.

Let me now briefly examine a few issues in the 8-point agenda of the Tinubu administration that this session seeks to interrogate. Let’s start with economic growth and food security. Going by the latest World Bank’s ‘Food Security Update Report’, Nigeria is among a few countries that have seen a significant rise in the number of people facing acute food shortages. Year-on-year inflation also surged by 5.98 percent points, according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) which last week released the latest Consumer Price Index report, revealing that the headline inflation rate for September rose to 32.70 percent. You can all draw your own conclusions.

That millions of Nigerians go to bed hungry every night is no longer a subject of debate. But it is naive to believe that the food crisis can be resolved without addressing the underlying security problems. With arable land and a good climate, we can adequately feed ourselves. The challenge is that most farmers have abandoned their farms due to fear of being kidnapped or killed. If the security of these farmers is assured, the prices of commodities in the market will slowly but surely come down. Without decisive action on that front, the hunger crises will only deepen, and fuel social unrest. That said, we must commend the military for the sacrifice they continue to make on behalf of our country as they tackle the security challenge.

In a recent post, former Commandant, Nigerian Naval Engineering College, Sapele, Rear Admiral Michael Johnson (Rtd) said any democracy, whether liberal or conservative, participatory or representative, “that doesn’t embrace the highest standards of accountability coupled with justice, equity, and fairness will ultimately fail,” just as “belt-tightening philosophies without accountability will not make the citizens trust those in government.” I agree with him. Telling Nigerians to sacrifice without government officials’ taking the lead is an exercise in futility. If Tinubu wants to succeed, those who serve under him must prioritise the public good, exercise their duties with integrity, and manage public resources judiciously. Now that there are reports that the president is considering a cabinet reshuffle, it is also important to understand that the cost of governance must be drastically reduced. Having 48 ministers at a time when most Nigerians can barely feed does not make economic sense.

When we talk about how a lack of accountability defines public conduct in Nigeria, the situation is worse at the subnational level. Indeed, as things stand in Nigeria today, as I have had cause to point out on several occasions, accountability diminishes as you move from the centre to the other units: states and local governments. In most of the 36 states, governors behave like emperors with the speakers of their states houses of assembly mere errand boys/girls who serve and could be removed at their pleasure. The logical result is that the promise of good governance embedded in the theory of decentralization is being delivered in the breach.

(NOTE: The so-called cabinet reshuffle was announced yesterday afternoon. Five Ministers were sacked. Seven new Ministers were appointed to replace them. So, instead of reducing the number that was already unprecedented, the president only added more. At the rate he is going, we may soon have 100 Ministers!)

As I take my seat, let me congratulate my Aburo and co-convener of this conference, Olusegun Elemo and other members of the organising team. I look forward to the outcome of your sessions today and tomorrow. For us to develop as a country, there must be oversight at every level of government to check public expenditure. There is also a burden on the people to constantly wield their power to vote in the right people at elections, and to organise civic activities to demand accountability from their leaders. If Nigerians want to be respected in Africa and beyond, there must be accountability at various levels of government and in the society at large. 

• You can follow me on my X (formerly Twitter) handle, @Olusegunverdict and on www.olusegunadeniyi.com   

*Appoints Oduwole, Yilwatda, Dingyadi, Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Maiha, Ata, Ahmad, redeploys 10

*Niger Delta ministry merged in new regional development ministry, tourism now infused into art, culture and creative economy 

*FG issues Oct 30 ultimatum to affected ministers to complete handover exercise

Deji Elumoye, Olawale Ajimotokan, Sunday Aborisade in Abuja and Ahmad Sorondinki in Kano

Three weeks after hinting at a possible cabinet reshuffle, and 17 months into his administration, President Bola Tinubu, yesterday, made good his promise as he discharged five ministers, appointed seven new ones, and reassigned 10 of the cabinet members.
The discharged ministers were Uju-Ken Ohanenye (Women Affairs), Lola Ade-John (Tourism), Prof Tahir Mamman (Education), Abdullahi Muhammad Gwarzo (State, Housing and Urban Development), and Dr. Jamila Bio Ibrahim (Youth Development).

Special Adviser to the President on Information and Strategy, Bayo Onanuga, who announced the development to newsmen at the State House, Abuja, after the Federal Executive Council (FEC) meeting, later clarified that the ministers were not sacked but discharged.
Speaking on a national television, he explained that the term “sacked” did not accurately describe their departure, insisting that the “ministers were not sacked; they were discharged.”

Onanuga listed the 10 redeployed ministers to include Hon. Dr. Yusuf Tanko Sununu former Minister of State, Education,  now Minister of State Humanitarian Affairs and Poverty Reduction; Dr. Morufu Olatunji Alausa, Minister of State for Health, now Minister of Education; Bello Muhammad Goronyo Minister of State, Water Resources and Sanitation, now Minister of State Works.
Also on this list were Hon. Abubakar Eshiokpekha Momoh, Minister of Niger Delta Development now Minister of Regional Development; Uba Maigari Ahmadu Minister of State Steel Development, now Minister of State Regional Development; Dr. Doris Uzoka-Anite, Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment now Minister of State Finance; Senator John Owan Enoh, Minister of Sports Development now Minister of State Trade and Investment  (Industry).

Still, among those reassigned were Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim,  Minister of State, Police Affairs now Minister of Women Affairs; Ayodele Olawande, Minister of State for Youth Development now Minister for Youth Development and Dr. Salako Iziaq Adekunle Adeboye, Minister of State, Environment now Minister of State, Health.
The presidential aide further explained that Tinubu has approved the immediate implementation of eight far-reaching actions to reinvigorate the administration’s capacity for optimal efficiency pursuant of his commitment to deliver on his promises to Nigerians.
According to him, the eight actions included “The renaming of the Ministry of Nigeria Delta Development to Ministry of Regional Development to oversee the activities of all the Regional Development Commissions.

“The merger of the Federal Ministry of Tourism and the Federal Ministry of Arts and Culture to become Federal Ministry of Art, Culture, Tourism and the Creative Economy; the re-assignment of 10 ministers to new ministerial portfolios and the discharge of five Ministers.
“The nomination of seven (7) new ministers for onward transmission to Senate for confirmation. The appointment of Shehu Dikko as Chairman of the National Sports Commission.

“The appointment of Sunday Akin Dare as Special Adviser to the President on Public Communication and Orientation working from the Ministry of Information and National Orientation.”
The President, according to Onanuga, thanked the outgoing members of the Federal Executive Council for their service to the nation while wishing them the best in their future endeavours.

He further said the president also directed that the sports commission would henceforth handle all sports activities and programmes initially handled by the Ministry of Sports Development.
According to him, with the scrapping of the Ministry of Tourism, all of its activities have been brought to the Ministry of Arts, Culture, Tourism and Creative Economy.

Providing further clarity, the Minister of the newly created Ministry of Regional Development, Abubakar Momoh, who was in charge of the scrapped Ministry of Niger Delta Development, said the NDDC was still in place.
The minister also explained that the Ministry of Niger Delta Development was renamed and given a greater responsibility under the Ministry of Regional Development.
He explained that the new ministry was created to supervise all the agencies under the Ministry of Niger Delta Development and other regional commissions in the country.

“All the structures and everything about the Niger Delta remains. It’s just a change of nomenclature and, of course, expansion of activities of the ministry. So, I think it’s something worth to be commended,” he said.
Meanwhile, the federal government has ordered the five ministers that were discharged and the 10 that were reassigned to new portfolios to finalise the handing over and taking over processes on or before October 30, 2024.
Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Senator George Akume, issued the clarification yesterday, adding that in the case of ministries without ministers to take-over, the out-going ministers should hand over to the substantive permanent secretaries.

The statement also said the processes for the seamless merger of the Ministry of Tourism with Ministry of Arts Culture and Creative Economy as well as the winding down of the defunct Ministry of Sports Development were being coordinated jointly by the Offices of the Secretary to the Government of the Federation and the Head of Civil Service of the Federation.
Akume added that the renaming and the expansion of mandate of the defunct Ministry of Niger Delta Development would take immediate effect.

Kano’s Nominee for Housing, Abdullahi Yusuf Ata, Pledges to Serve with Integrity

The newly nominated minister from Kano State, Abdullahi Yusuf Ata, has pledged to serve the country with diligence and Integrity.
Speaking with party supporters, who thronged his home at Fagge Local Government Area, in the metropolis, Ata vowed not to betray the trust bestowed on him by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu in the discharge of his official duties.
He also promised to work round the clock to ensure the successes of Tinubu’s administration and that of the All Progressives Congress (APC) to deliver on the mandate of his ministry.
“As an Honourable Minister of Nigeria, I will not betray the trust bestowed on me by Mr. President, and I will work round the clock with my management team to deliver on the mandate of the ministry,” he said.

[Thisday]

Apart from commercial banks, which have been running away with astronomical profits, the years 2023 and 2024 have been tumultuous years for businesses in Nigeria, leading some to move from the country. The reasons are not far-fetched. They include the devaluation of the Naira, due to the floating of the exchange rate; repeated hikes in the prices of petroleum products because of the removal of fuel subsidy; and high inflation, resulting from the above developments.

It is understandable, therefore, why the trio of telephone service providers in Nigeria, MTN, Airtel, and Glo, have been suffering major losses in revenue since 2023. Their operation is further complicated by the introduction of value-added tax on tower leases in the 2023 Finance Act and repeated power grid failures, leading to power failure in many parts of the country. Nevertheless, despite these harsh conditions these telephone service providers have continued to make some profit.

Unfortunately, consumers bear the brunt of their losses, which are passed to them in the form of poor services. Telephone calls don’t go through. Messages hang or are not delivered. Images fail to load. Yet, even for such unsuccessful deliveries, you may lose credit or data. The result is the frequency of usages, such as ‘poor’ or ‘no network’; ‘network problem;’ and ‘network failure’ among others. No promotional giveaways, such as ‘20% more data’ or ‘100% awoof credit or data’ could compensate for these inadequacies.

Yet another reason for these problems is oversubscription by the service providers. For example, as many as 1000 users may be subscribed to a service node meant for 500 users. There is also the problem of poor equipment maintenance. For example, someone living near a mast told me that no one had come there to inspect it for over three years! Again, consumers suffer the consequences of such neglect.

These inadequacies are particularly felt in online banking. Bank Apps crash or do not work due to network failure. Of course, commercial banks create other problems for their customers. For example, it sometimes takes hours, even days, for transferred funds to show up in the beneficiary’s account, despite instant debit of the payer’s account. Sometimes, the funds don’t even show up at all and repeated calls to the bank may yield no result until you go to a branch yourself. Worse still, ATM machines are often terribly slow, because most of them are outdated. Besides, only 10 Naira maximum is dispensed in most cases. Moreover, you often pay charges for the number of withdrawals you make.

The problem with network failure in Nigeria is part of a huge structural problem. The telephone service providers seem to be piggybacking on the failure of supervision by appropriate government agencies. It is also possible that, where supervision does take place, sanctions are compromised by corruption. Not a few think that the Bobrisky case and its investigations are similarly compromised.

Yet, there are many questions waiting to be answered by the service providers and the supervising agencies of the government. For example, given the existing capacity of installed equipment, how many subscribers could each provider effectively carry without overload? How extensive is each provider’s 4G coverage? This is an important question because data download often slows down or fails completely whenever coverage drops to 3G or below on any service provider’s network.

The truth is that we may not be able to take part effectively in the digital revolution if telephone service providers continue to perform below average. Yet our participation is critical not just for individual telephone services but also for the benefit of our institutions, especially educational and health institutions. Network connectivity is critical to digital success in these institutions. For example, college students and medical doctors learn a lot these days from online resources.

The above observations have serious implications for the economy. So does frequent power failure. According to available data, there are about 27 grid-connected generating plants currently in operation in the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI) with a total installed power generation capacity of about 13,000-15,000 MW and an available capacity of just over 5,000 MW. This is a far cry from the estimated 35,000 MW needed for a population of 250 million people.

By contrast, Brazil, with comparable population, climate, and structure of government, has an installed power generation capacity of 150,000 MW and available capacity of at least 130,000 MW! Yet the government plans to add 6000 MW of capacity every year to satisfy growing demand from an increasing and more prosperous population. That is why the government aims at investing over $100 billion over the next five years on power generation, transmission, and distribution. What is even more interesting about Brazil’s energy structure is its diversification. While Nigeria relies on natural gas and hydropower, Brazil derives its energy from a variety of sources—fossil (oil, coal, and natural gas); and renewable (hydropower, wind, and solar). Brazil did not arrive at this level in one day. It is all a result of careful planning and effective implementation from government to government.

That is why the combination of power and network failures needs urgent attention from the government.

In continuation of his interactions with Nigerians in the Diaspora and in keeping with his avowed determination to lead the search for a new Nigeria, the National leader of the Labour Party, who was the party's Presidential flag bearer in the 2023 election, Mr. Peter Obi, begins a three day, three Cities tour of the United States of America.

A statement from Peter Obi Media Reach, POMR, said that the tour will begin on Thursday the 24th, 25th, and 26th of October 2024 and will be undertaken in the three cities of Houston, TX, Los Angeles, CA, and Atlanta, GA.

The tour will be the last leg of his North America Appreciation visits that had earlier taken him to Toronto, Canada; Boston, MA; New York City, NY; West Orange, N; Cherry,y N; Dallas, TX; Charlotte, NC; and Detroit, MI.

The tour is also to underscore Mr Obi's commitment during the 2023 electioneering to consistently engage the Nigeria Diaspora and interact with them constructively in the nation-building debate for the creation of a new Nigeria.
He also uses the tour to sustain, by example,e a new narrative where, unlike before, politicians only visit the national population when seeking their votes and support but hardly returns after elections to show appreciation.

The tours will be mostly interactive to provide Obi the opportunity to once again, through questions and answers, unveil his mission for a new Nigeria that is Possible and to also react to the unpalatable state of the nation.

The former Anambra State Governor remains ever grateful to Nigerians at home and abroad who continue to show unwavering support and trust in him morally, materially, and financially during the 2023 presidential elections.

Signed
Ibrahim Umar
POMR SPOKESMAN

At the end of the 43rd meeting of the Federal Executive Council held on 30 December 1974, the President of the Council, General Gowon delivered a valecdictory speech to the out-going Civil Commissioners.

He observed that the life of the Council would come to an end at the conclusion of the meeting. As recorded by the Official Recorder: “He expressed the nation’s gratitude and his government’s appreciation for the services of the out-going civil commissioners” while recalling “the difficult times and anxious moments of the National Crisis and the Civil War during which they served loyally. He recalled that well over 3,000 memoranda were considered during the life of the present Council (which) dealt with high policy matters and issues of vital importance to the life of the nation. “It was now in the national interest that there should be a change”, he said.

I left the Federal Government on 30 December 1974, having served in the same post as the Federal Commissioner for Works and Housing from 27 May 1967. In January 1975, General Gowon appointed Brigadier Olu Obasanjo to succeed me. It was time for change! Looking back over the years, what was the legacy of the Gowon Governement? What were  our triumphs and our disasters?

I have already  discussed the following major triumphs or achievements by the Ministry of Works and Housing during the Gowon Era:

North-South

1. New two-lane dual carriage highways to make four. The two additional North- South Highways are: Warri – Sapele – Benin – Auchi – Koton Karfi – Abuja – Kaduna Highway; and Calabar -Yola – Maiduguri Highway. The existing two North-South roads (Lagos – Ibadan – Jebba – Kaduna – Kano – Daura; and Port Harcourt – Enugu – Makurdi – Jos) two-lane carriageways were to be reconstructed into two-lane dual carriageways to complement the two new highways.
2. The construction of two-lane dual carriageways of Lagos – Ibadan section of the  Lagos – Ibadan – Jebba – Kaduna – Kano – Daura highway was well under way before I left office. So was the Shagamu – Benin section of Shagamu – Benin – Asaba – Onitsha two-lane dual carriageway.
3. Works on the construction of a great number of roads – North-South or West-East in the 20,000 miles (from under 7,000 in 1967) of federal roads were either completed, or the works were in progress or planned by December, 1974.
4. Huge investment in public buildings, including the Federal Secretariat in Lagos and a federal secretariat in each state capital.
5. Huge investment in housing for civil servants especially the high-rise towers in Lagos to provide housing initally to host the All Africa Festival of Arts and Culture in 1976.
6. The National Housing Authority was set up under the Cabinet Office to provide housing units to the public after the festival. Festac Town was created in Lagos.
7. The establishment of the Federal Mortgage Bank, which took over the assets of the Nigerian Building Society after nationalising the Bntish interests in the latter.
8. Settlement of a well defined and permanent Nigeria/Dahomey (Benin) boundary. There has been no boundary dispute between our two countries ever since.
9. Charter for each of the professions of architecture, engineering, estate Surveying, building technology and land surveys.
10. Change over from Left-hand to Right-Hand Traffic.
11. Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Survey at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. It admits students from several African countries. Other major projects or achievements initiated by the other ministries, or the Cabinet Office (which include Fetac Town) during the Gowon Era were:
12. Nigerian National Oil Corporation, now Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.
13. Decimalization. Decimal currency – the introduction of the Naira.
14. The Metric System, or Metrication initiated by the Ministry of Works and Housing, but executed by the Ministry of Trade.
15. Universal Free Primary Education throughout Nigeria, 1974.
16. Membership of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Producing Countries).
17. National Youth Service Corps (NYSC).
18. Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Act (Indigenisation Decree), 1972 which opened up commerce and industry to Nigerians.
19. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
20. Motor Assembly Plants: – (a) Volkswagen in Lagos; (b) Leylands in Ibadan; (c) Peugeot in Kaduna; (d) DaimlerBenz in Enugu.
21. Agro – allied industries: (a) Edible salt; (b) Sugar plant at Jebba (c) Super phosphate fertilizer project.
22. Agricultural Research Institute – assumption of full funding for the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), the Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research, the Institute of Agricultural Research at Samaru and the Rubber Research Institute at lyanomo and Akwette.
23. Establishment of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan. 24. Pulp and Paper Mills at Iwopin, Western State, and another in South Eastern State.
25. Development of Specialist Hospitals in the States which would also cater for development of and increase in medical manpower
26. Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry.
27. National Insurance Corporation.
28. Nigerian National Supply Company 29. The 2nd and 3rd Oil Refineries at Warri and Kaduna. There has been no new ones ever since.
30: Federal Revenue Court (now Federal High Court).
31. Federal Court of Appeal (now Court of Appeal).
32. The Industrial Court.
33. Settlement of Nigeria/Cameroon Boundary.  

The judgment of the International Court of Justice at the Hague in the matter of subsequent boundary dispute between Nigeria and the Cameroon 30 years later confirmed largely the legal position taken by the Gowon Government.
 I propose to discuss briefly other achievements of Gowon’s Government, the policies leading to winch were fully discussed in Council before gestation and decisions taken.
I took part in the process.

Closing the Educational Gap : Universal Free Primary Education

The Federal Commissioner for Education,  Chief A.Y. Eke, identified some educational gaps in the field of education. In a memorandum entitled “Closing the Education Gap” presented to Council at its 37th meeting in 1972, he urged the Council to pay attention to the areas of need and come to the rescue of the states.

He referred to the “gross uneven educational development”, especially between the northern and southern states. Although he conceded that there were gaps between Rivers and South Eastern states on the one hand and the Western and Mid-Western states on the other, he nonetheless produced figures to show the division between the north and the south in the field of education:  “In the primary schools, for every child in the northern states, there were four children in the southern states; for every student in the secondary school in the northern states there were five students in the southern states. And for every undergraduate in higher institutions in the northern states, there were six students in the southern States.”

For university education, Chief Eke recommended building “Schools of Basic Studies to enable students from backward areas of the country to have opportunity of higher education”. During discussion, the view was expressed that polarisation of educational development between the north and the south was untenable as there were also educationally backward southern states.  Some members recalled that the Council had in  1969 commissioned the Shomade Committee to study the issue of primary education in  Nigena and that the committee’s report submitted in 1970 recommended the introduction of Free Primary Education for all. The members of the committee included Chief Tayo Akpata, Dr. Mahmoud Tukur, and Professor Otonto (as he then was) Nduka Otonto. The Executice Council was yet to examine its recommendations. The proposals in Chief Eke’s memorandum were however approved by the Council.  

I was in full support of the memorandum on closing the educational gap. A policy of Free Primary Education throughout Nigeria would not only extend to the northern states a scheme initiated 20 years earlier by Chief Awolowo in the West but which failed due to inadequate funding in the East, the policy would also provide adequate funding for the scheme in the southern states. The proposal on establishing eight secondary schools in the less developed areas of the country and provision of funds for the expansion of existing schools in such areas was the answer to the Quota System of Admission of students to King’s College, Lagos, which the King’s College Old Boys Association had always opposed as it seemingly discriminated against merit. The new proposal by the federal ministry would in my view go a long way to bridge the educational gap and eliminate the discrimination and injustice embedded in the quota system of admission to King’s College and Queen’s College, Lagos,  as well as the federal government other colleges.

Formal Launching of the Universal Primary Education Scheme

I had just returned from Mecca and I found my name in the list of Federal Commissioners and officials to accompany the Head of State on his visit to the North-Western State. Another punishing tour, setting out at times at 8.00 a.m. in one part of the vast state like North-West and ending up in another part at 8.00 or 9.00p.m, with little time for lunch. There were receptions and cultural shows at provisional headquarters, visits to schools and army formations, and courtesy calls on the Sultan of Sokoto, Emir of Argungu and other Emirs. The convoy of cars ran at breath-taking speed. And I was yet to recover from the hectic schedule of the Holy Pilgrimage as Amir-ul-Hajj for Nigeria. There was, however, one event which made the North-West tour memorable: the declaration by General Gowon on 20 January 1974 at the Race Course, Sokoto of his Government’s intention to introduce Universal Free Primary Education throughout Nigeria in September 1976. The projection was to enrol 2.2 million children aged 5-6 years in 1976, rising to 2.6 million in 1981
In the words of Chief A.Y. Eke, the Federal Commissioner for Education, in his memorandum presented to Council on 16 January 1974: “The Universal Primary Education would provide an opportunity for the harmonisation of the  content of the educational programme throughout the Federation and facilitate the task of relating the content and direction of education to the social-economic needs of the various communities in the country and superimpose a national purpose on our educational endeavours. Ultimately, it would help to bridge the educational gap between the various states and between the sexes and make it possible to adapt our educational policies to suit our manpower development needs. It would also help to bridge the gap between the rich and the poo± and give democracy a fair chance of success in the country. It would become possible to set unified moral, cultural and spiritual values throughout the country and the task of eradicating corruption would become much easier.”

 The Cabinet Committee’s first meeting was held on 25 June 1974 when an outline of its work was discussed.
At its second meeting on 29 July 1974, we considered six papers, largely on teacher training, expansion of existing buildings and construction of new ones including classrooms, halls, laboratories and staff quarters, recurrent expenditure and funding and provision for teacher trainers.
The third meeting of the Cabinet Committee took place on 13 August 1974.The three papers considered included Revised 1974/75 Recurrent Estimate for Teacher Training College, Disbursement of Recurrent Funds and siting and building of 62 new Teacher Training Colleges for 1975/76 academic year.

The Council considered the First Progress Report of the Cabinet Committee  at its meeting on 21 August 1974 during which the Council among other decisions: (a) Approved an expenditure of N51.046m  expansion and provision of additional facilities for the existing 156 Teacher Training Colleges.

(b) Noted the need for 62 Teacher Training Colleges at an estimated cost of N162.75m.
(c) Approved the recruitment of 1,200 Teacher Educators in addition to 1,000 members of the National Youth Service Corps to be deployed to the Teacher Training Colleges.

Such was the tempo of General Gowon’s Government preparation for the commencement of the UPE Scheme by the Council and the Cabinet Comniittee till  30 December 1974 when I left the Federal Executive Council.
Such was the enthusiasm for laying a solid foundation for the future of Nigeria in the education sector.
It was the lot of the Murtala Mohammed/ Obasanjo regime to implement the Free Primary Education Scheme initiated by the Gowon regime as best as it could.
It is a sad commentary on the quality of political class and its leadership that fifty years after independence, there stifi exists educational gap between the north and the south, or one state and the other. Lack of consistency in pplicy is part of the problem.

Economic Community of West African States

The establishment of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was another  feather in General Yakubu Gowon’s cap.
In the run-up to political independence, West Africa was dominated by two colonial powers: Great Britain and France. For some years after dependence, West Africa remained polarised: Anglophone and  Francophone.
The economies of the Francophone countries were tied to France much more than the economies of British West Africa to Britain’s economy. Several initiatives were made at forging one large grouping or the other: Lagos in 1963, the Niamey Conference in 1966, and Accra in 1967. The Senegal River States Conference of all states along the Senegal River, also in 1967 led to the first serious attempt at regional grouping in Monrovia in 1968. The Monrovia conference failed to germinate; even the protocol on customs was never signed. In April 1972 however, General Gowon and General Eyadema of Togo 1974 met to revive the effort at a regional economic grouping, cutting across linguistic lines. Following joint delegations of Nigeria and Togo to all the West African States, the Ministry of External Affairs conducted a discreet exploration through our missions in West Africa to find out which countries would be interested in the proposed West African Economic Community. As a result of the investigation, seven out of eleven replies received in August 1972 were referred back to the Mimstry for further clarification There was the problem of France which had been campaigning  vigourously for closer economic ties between French-speaking West African countries and the European Economic Commumty, and did everythmg possible to subvert the creation of the proposed West Africa Economic Community. A meeting of officials was scheduled for January 1973 in Lome. Due to various obstacles, the ministerial meeting which was to follow did not hold until 10 to 15 December, 1973 in Lome to consider the proposal to establish the community submitted jointly by the sponsors, Nigeria and Togo. All the fifteen countries in the West African sub-region (including the newly independent Guinea-Bissan) were represented at the meeting.
The report to Council noted the enthusiasm of member-countries of CEAO – a grouping of French-speaking states, some of whom had earlier on shown a great deal of antipathy towards the proposed community. They not only sent strong delegations but took active part in the deliberation throughout. That bore an eloquent testimony to the quiet diplomacy of the Nigerian and Togolese Governments. The next ministerial meeting was held in Niamey in March 1974 and the final draft Treaty establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECO WAS) was approved by the Heads of State of all the countries in the West African region later in the year. Under the Treaty, decisions are based on the principle of unanimity of member-countries present at the meetings. Other major decisions taken at the inaugural conference were the establishment of a secretariat based in Lagos and an annual budget and creation of specialised commissions in the following areas:
(i)Trade, Customs, Immigration, Monetary and Payments;
(ii) Industry and Natural esources;
(iii) Transport, Communications and Energy;
(iv) Social and CulturalAffairs.

Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Act

Soon after the end of the 2nd World War (1939-1945), the Socialist Government in Britain extended socialism to the colonies. As a result, the colonial government in Lagos assumed total control of certain sectors of the economy like power generation and distribution (Electricity Corporation of Nigeria, later NEPA), airways and the major ports. The private ports at Sapele and Burutu were taken over by the Gowon Administration.

Commerce was largely dominated by foreign firms from Britain and some European countries Wholesale trade, super markets, sale of equipment and  machinery and the like were handled largely by these firms. Only petty trading was in indigenous hands.
It was this situation – the need “to raise the proportion of indigenous ownership of mdustnal and commercial mvestment I m Nigena” – that led to the promulgation of Nigerian Enterprises  Promotion Decree 1972.  

It was one of the primary objectives of the Admmistration in  its 1970-74 National Development Plan.  
Accordingly, the Federal Commissioner for Industries, Dr Tayo Adetoro brought two memoranda to the draft decree council for approval.
The Supreme Military Council made some minor amendments to the draft decree.
The highlights of the decree were the reservation of certain enterprises like advertising agencies, road haulage, newspaper publishing and printing  exclusively for Nigerians, listed as schedule I.

Those enterprises listed in schedule ll like beer brewing, soft drinks manufacture, construction industry. sundry manufacturing industries – were reserved for Nigerians (including non Nigerian Africans) exclusively where the paid-up share capital was 200,000 pounds or less or the annual turnover was 500,000 pounds or less.

Any enterprise in  schedule II with more than 200,000 pounds share capital or 500,000 in turnover but with less than 40% equity participation by Nigenans was also barred to aliens.

I participated fully in  the Council debates leading to the promulgation of the decree, and in  support of it. Total domination of our commerce and industry by non-Nigerians, especially in areas where the government could not intervene, was intolerable.  But I did intervene in  a public speech to denounce the attempt by Nigerian capitalists who planned to concentrate ownership of the enterprises in  schedules land II in  the hands of a few captains of industry and commerce. This was my reaction to a statement made by Chief Henry Fajemirokun, the President of the West African Chamber of Commerce, who was in support of concentration of shares in the enterprises in a few hands. My stand was this:  indigenisation for the benefit of many, not monopoly by the new Nigerian capitalists, the “nouveau riche”, the captains of commerce. There was an upper limit to the number of shares available to Nigerians in order to have a better spread of the neocapitalists.

National Youth Service Corps

One of the lessons of the Civil War was the need to build a nation of Nigerians  whose devotion and loyalty to the nation would transcend ethnic and social barriers There was the need also to encourage free movement of people and mobility of labour within the country. For these and other reasons, the Federal Govermnent promulgated the National Youth Service Corps Decree 1973. The objectives of the Corps, as stated in the Decree, are:
(a) “to inculcate discipline in Nigerian youths by instilling in them a tradition of industry at work, and of patriotic and loyal service to the nation in any situation they may find themselves;
(b) to raise their moral tone by giving them the opportunity to learn about higher ideals of national achievement and social and cultural improvement;
(c) to develop in them attitudes of mind, acquired through shared experience and suitable training, which will make them more amenable to mobilization in the national interest;
(d) to develop common ties among them and promote national unity by ensuring that – (i) as far as possible, youths are assigned to jobs in states other than their States of origin; (ii) each group, assigned to work together, is as representative of the country as possible; (iii) the youths are exposed to the modes of living of the people in different parts of the country with a view to removing prejudices, eliminating ignorance, and confirming at first hand the many similarities among Nigerians of all ethnic groups;
 (e) to encourage members of the service corps to seek, at the end of their corps service, career employment all over the country thus promoting the free movement of labour;
(f) to induce employers, partly through their experience with members of the service corps, to employ more readily qualified Nigerians irrespective of their States of origin; and
(g) to enable Nigerian youths to acquire the spirit of self-reliance”. The youth corps has helped to bridge the graduate employment gap in certain states in need of such employment, and has over the years given the opportunity to many young Nigerians to know and respect people from other parts of Nigeria, their culture and traditions.
In order to ensure the enduring nature of this institution in the polity, the National Youth Service Corps Act (or Decree No.24 of 1973) is the first of four Acts of the National Assembly preserved and protected under the Constitution of 1979 and of 1999. Its provisions “shall continue to apply and have full effect” like any other provision of the constitution, and “shall not be altered or repealed” except with a two-thirds majority vote of the members of the National Assembly and a similar two-thirds majority vote in eaèh of al least two-thirds of the State Assemblies.

Location of the Second Petroleum Refinery

This was one of the most controversial issues discussed by Council the Gowon regime.

In his memorandum brought to Council in November 1970, Dr. R.A.T Dikko, the Commissioner for Mines and Power admitted that all the serious  proposals received named Lagos as the best location.

The Finance at Economic Committee of officials of Government had recommended the  appointment of consultants to examine the proposals and made recommendation to the Government. He rejected both proposals. Without  any technical advice, he recommended a location in the northern states. This led to a lengthy debate in Council. The Federal Government policy of dispersal of industiies, and avoidance  of too many industries in Lagos for strategic and security reasons was strong  argument for a site in the northern part of Nigeria. A refinery in the north  would entail the construction of an oil pipe – line from the south  to the north for transportation of crude oil, but the possibility of sabotage would draw caution, just as a pipeline for transportation of refined oil from the south to the north. A strong security measure would be needed either way.

The view was strongly expressed that members should avoid planning down economic realities in favour of political expediency. The pattern in  consumption had a great bearing  on the location of the refinery. At this stage  it was also recalled that Council had appointed a committee of officials  to  examine the possibility of uniform prices for petroleum products throughout  the country. This. would of necessity invite the government to subsidise  the  industry.

The Federal Executive Council agreed that independent consultants be appointed to undertake techincal and economic studies on the second refinery, including its location. Early in 1973, the Commissioner for Mines and Power submitted another nemorandum on the subject matter. Members were given only a précis of the consultant’s report, not the report itself. I felt uncomfortable with the refusal to give us the consultant’s report. So did Prof. Bayo Adedeji. It was decided that the report should be circulated to members, and consideration for  the memorandum was therefore deferred.

In his memorandum, the Commissioner for Mines and Power had shifted grounds on location. He no  longer insisted on the location in the northern parts of the country. He was now in favour of Warri for the second refinery, and Kaduna for the third refinery.
In support of Warri instead of Lagos which was recommended by the consultants as the location for the second refinery, Dr. Dikko argued that a refinery should be more of a raw-material oriented industry rather than a market-oriented industry. He stressed the need to decongest Lagos and for even distribution of industries. His support for Kaduna as the location for the third refinery was merely in support of the consultant’s recommendation.

In their report, the consultants considered five major towns and cities – Lagos, Warri, Jebba, Kaduna and Kafanchan as possible locations, and gave a fairly detailed comparison of costs for the various sites. As Lagos consumed about 33% of the petroleum products in the country, and the combined Lagos, West and Mid-Western States consumed in total about 60% of those products, Lagos had a much greater cost advantage over Warri or any other location in the country.

Still on the issue of cost advantage, a refinery in Lagos would be able to produce up to 70,000 barrels of petroleum products per day, enough to meet our immediate domestic needs and also be able to export some quantity as recommended by the consultants. The Ministry of Mines and Power on the other hand recommended smaller refineries in Warri and  Kaduna with capacities of 42,000 barrels per day in Warri and between 20,000 and 30,000 barrels per day in Kaduna.

Finally on the issue of costs, Lagos had a clear advantage over Warri as Warri would require an enlarged port and other infrastructure to accommodate large shipping The view was expressed that if the Ministry of Mines and Power had made up its mind all along that the second and third refineries  should be in Warri and Kaduna respectively (and its memorandum made a case for both, and almost ignored the consultants’ case for Lagos), why appoint  the consultants  at all?

I was in full support of the consultants’ recommendation of Lagos, and I said so in very clear terms. So did Prof Bayo Adedeji.  The Head of State and President of Council, General Gowon, accused the consultants of thinking  in terms of what would be in the ultimate advantage of their own country which had lost grip of oil exploitation in Nigeria.  He counselled that Government decision should not be based on economic factors alone, we should bear in mind social and political factors as well.  He was in full support of the memorandum
The Council approved Warri as the location of the second refinery, with increased capacity as the first refinery in Port Harcourt that is about 3,000,000 tons per annum. It further decided that a lube oil and asphalt plant should be built and integrated with Warri refinery, but incorporated with Port Harcourt Refinery if based on imported crude oil. The Council also approved that the third refinery should be built in Kaduna, but the capacity was to be determined by market research in 1976/77. The atmosphere was tense and  almost throughout the debate, with a  little  humour interspersed occasionally.

Whatever the argument in Council, the Gowon’s regime gave Nigeria two more refineries. And he did not have to import petroleum products in the life of that administration as it  is today the norm. Thirty-four years since the termination of that regime, the oil-rich Nigeria is yet to establish new refineries.
She survives on imported oil products.

Development of Liquefied Natural Gas LNG) Projects

The Federal Commissioner for Mines and Power, Dr. Dilcko, presented four   memoranda to Council between 1972 and 1974 on the subject. The last memorandum was the most contentious, and one of the most controversial in the Gowon administration.  Dr. Dikko explained that pressures had been exerted on him, his officials and on Council members by “highly placed individuals” and that he had been offered money by lobbyists. One highly respected Nigerian who exerted tremendous pressure, but not money, Dr. Dikko emphasised, was Chief Obafemi Awolowo who presented “a very good case for a client which he (Chief Obafem Awolowo) represented as “the legal and economic adviser, consultant and representative. Chief Awolowo presented a proposal to the Ministry on LNG but declared that he was neither a shareholder nor a director in the company. What worried Dr. Dikko was that Chief Awolowo “extended his network of correspondence to his colleagues, some permanent secretaries and to members on the Petroleun Advisory Board, declaring his interest in the venture and soliciting their co-operation, Undoubtedly, Chief Awolowo was very much informed on every stage of the processing of the various bids, and he attacked the bid of a rival company well established in Nigeria”.

Dr. Dikko joined issues with Prof. Bayo Adedeji, the Federal Commissioner for Economic Development and Reconstruction, the contents of whose counter memorandum were “similar to the proposals” of Chief Awolowo. He felt his colleagues should have discussed his own proposals with him before resorting to the unusual action issuing a counter memorandum. In  his defence, Prof Adedeji said that Dr. Dikko did not wait for “clearance of his memorandum with his ministry” under the rules before forwarding it to the Cabinet Office for circulation; hence his counter memorandum (which was non-circulated). He assured his colleagues that he had not been offered any reward, monetary or otherwise, by any company as he had no direct dealing with any.

I was a recipient of Chief Awolowo’s proposal. We put the incident behind us, and proceeded to consider Dr, Dikko’s memorandum. On the main issue, there were twelve offers received from companies in Nigeria and abroad on the development of a viable LNG project in Nigeria. Comparative studies of the various proposals had been made by officials of the Ministry of Mines and Power, and were presented to Council. After an exhaustive debate on the ownership of gas, gas gathering system, the scope of the project, shipping of liquefied gas and selection of technical partners, the Council took a number of decisions, which included:

1. Re-affirmation that the Federal Government should own 55% to 60% equity in any gas-utilising project.
2. Agreement in principle to establish two LNG projects of 1,000 million cubic feet per day capacity.
3. Agreement that the Government should participate in the liquefaction phase in the Gas Gathering System on the basis of 60% ownership.
4. Agreement to take 50% ownership in shipping business.
5. Agreed to invite separately four companies already operating in Nigeria for detailed negotiations for the construction of the LNG plant and LNG tanker.
6. Appointment of consultants.

At a time when our only rival in Africa and Asia was Algeria with two LNG plants and plans to build more, with an advantage of direct shipping to Europe  by pipeline across the Mediterranean Sea, it was our hope that Nigeria’s  LNG project would take off by 1976. Indonesia (now with eight) a Malaysia (five) had not yet come to the stage.
That was forward planning the Gowon Administration for a great industrial power for Africa of today. It was not to be. Gowon’s government was toppled the following year, a that apparently ended the plan for Nigeria’s first LNG plant.
It took almost thirty years of dithering thereafter for Nigeria’s first LNG plant to take off.

Accountability

The issue of accountability has been discussed elsewhere in this book.  We just give a further example of Chief Awolowo ‘s tight hold on our finance.

In 1968, he brought a Council memorandum on Allocation of Funds for  Commissioners stating that Commissioners should be able to serve, matter of courtesy, only light refreshments like coffee, tea, biscuits and soft drinks to their visitors and no more. It was subject to budgetery control. The point was stressed that even that facility should not be abused! Expenses for overseas official tours by federal commissioners and their officials were matters for debate in Council by way of memoranda from the relevant ministry. There were several occasions memorandum on such expenses were brought to Council for approval where there were no provisions or sufficient provisions for the purpose in a ministry’s budget.

The Promise of Return to Civilian Rule and the July 1975 Coup

It has been suggested that a recent administration had an all-star cast of economic managers, perhaps, the best the country had ever seen: economic managers who failed to fix or provide power, telephones, railways or restore the old value of the naira. General Gowon had the best team of economic managers Nigeria has ever had in its almost 50 years history, led by Chief Obafemi Awolowo who did not borrow during the war years. There were Abdul Attah, Allison Ayida, Phillip Asiodu, assisted by Prof. Tunji Aboyade and Prof Bola Onitiri. That was Nigeria’s finest hour.

Impressive as General Gowon’s record of governance was: successful battle for One Nigeria; Rehabilitation and Reconstruction after the Civil War; a new economic and social order and educational foundation for a New Nigeria, a new network of roads and other infrastructures, one element was lacking: a new political order.

A number of us, in the early 1972, held meetings in Lagos and Kaduna, to the knowledge of the military authorities, in preparation for return to civilian rule. Our membership included Civil Commissioners (Federal and State) across the old political spectrum, political leaders across the nation. Chief Awolowo and some of his close associates were not invited to the meeting. But Chief Anthony Enahoro and Mr. J. S. Tarka, Aihaji Aminu Kano and Alhaji Shehu Shagari were in attendance. But the military had other ideas. There was a deep division among the  leadership of the armed forces. There were the few on the one hand who were appointed into political offices since the July 1966 coup as military  governors of the states and whose colleagues perceived as enjoying the pomp of political power. Those happy, few, hardly visited the war front, Iet  alone to be directly involved in the civil war. There were on the other hand  the war heroes and veterans of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions of the Nigeria Armed Forces who prosecuted the Civil War and bore the brunt of war. Four years after the war, the political officers remained in their posts, in the gilted cages, their political postings. General Gowon hesitated to redeploy  them to strictly military duties. This situation caused a great deal of resentment  among the officers on military duties. There was some unease in the army.
Earlier, towards the end of 1970, General Gowon launched his 9-point political programme which included return to civilian rule in 1976 and a review of the constitution.  The constitutional review hardly surfaced thereafter.

In his broadcast to the nation, however, on October 1 1974, General Gowon said that the political leaders had not learnt their lessons, and therefore civil in rule in 1976 was no longer realistic.

It has been alleged by many people that this new position of General Gowon was on the advice of the “Super Permanent Secretaries” who advised the Head of State on assumption of power in 1966 on political issues as well as performing  their traditional duties in  public administration This practice continued after the appointment of civilian Federal Commissioners in May 1967 until Mr. C. 0. Lawson became the Secretary to the Government on  the death of Mr. Abdul Attah in 1972. Mr. Lawson in his attempt to restore  the civil service to its traditional role told his colleagues that he would  lead them to General Gowon outside official duties only on the invitation of Head of State.
The senior officers in the armed forces held a meeting in 1974, and by majority vote decided to rescind the decision to return to civilian rule in 1976. It was not General Gowon’s decision alone to reverse the policy, but he had to carry the can as the Commander-in-Chief.
The general public received General Gowon’s announcement in silence, and  the political leaders in astonishment and with great disquiet. There was muted criticism in the press. The state of emergency proclaimed in January 1966 and renewed in August 1966, remained in force. So too, as a consequence, was the ban on political parties as well as on political activities. But the strain in the armed forces remained. Police intelligence gave General Gowon warnings of the planned putsch. So did other intelligence agencies. Colonel Joseph Garba, the Commander of the Brigade of Guards and a Gowon loyalist, assured General Gowon that there was no truth in the rumour of a planned coup. Some close public service aides of General Gowon urged him to announce the deployment of some of the long serving Military Governors back to the barracks and appoint new ones, but he dithered. If only he carried out the deployment. If only!

General Gowon left Lagos to attend an OAU Heads of State Conference in Uganda late in July 1975. On 29 July 1975, Colonel Garba, announced in a dawn broadcast: “In view of what has been happening in the past few months, the Nigeria Armed Forces have decided to effect a change in the leadership of the Federal Military Government.” Later in the day, Brigadier Murtala Muhammed emerged as the new Head of State. Brigadier Olusegun Obasanjo became the Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters, and Colonel Theophilus Danjuma was named the Chief of Staff, Army. Both Colonel Danjuma and Colonel Garba who later became the Federal Cormmissioner for External Affairs were very close to General Gowon. It was a palace coup, a bloodless coup. General Gowon flew from Uganda to Togo where his friend and cofounder of ECOWAS, General Eyadema, offered him an asylum. He soon after left Togo for Britain where he later entered Warwick University to study for his first degree, followed by a doctorate course.

This amiable man, who had no taint of corruption while in office, with some of the best of Nigeria’s political brains in his government, and some of  Nigeria’s finest crop of civil servants around him, left a legacy of public service delivery never witnessed in Nigeria, and is yet to be surpassed.  Some of government’s policies are still being executed by successive governments  till today.  Thirty years on, for an example, the Federal Ministry of Works and  Housing’s plan in his time for a coastal road from the Lagos Bar Beach  to Calabar is still being talked about in political circles as well as government  circles.  It may yet come to pass.

In his time, especially in the early 1970s, General Gowon used to be  greeted by the crowds while on his tours of the country with the slogan “Go  On With One Nigeria.”  For two decades after the 29 July 1975 coup, his political rating was so low that he was badly defeated in a primary election  somewhere in Kaduna State during General Babangida’s tenure. He is now regaining his gait as an elder statesman. He has enjoyed triumph and suffered  one major disaster, not heeding his own 1970 warning of a change. But General Gowon had a fine innings, and left his imprints on the sands of time.  He was, in cricket parlance, bowled out, middle stump. And  his economic  legacy lives on. General Gowon learnt the bitter lesson too late: Do not overstay God’s appointed time. When it is time to go, ‘Go’. Do not overstrain  God’s generosity. But his record in good governance is yet to be surpassed.

• Above are excerpts from the memoir of  Alhaji Okunnu, federal commissioner for Works  Housing  in the government of Gowon, entitled “In the Service of the Nation.”

If there wasn’t this global alliance of mostly English-speaking nations based on common law principles, there would be a need to create one.
Commonwealth leaders are meeting this week on the island of Samoa for our bi-annual summit. Intense discussion over free and fair trade, security, and climate action are occupying us 56 members – all friends and allies.

If an alliance of primarily English-speaking nations rooted in common law and shared commitment to global rules didn’t exist, one would need to be created. Like-minded countries would naturally come together to amplify their values while also providing a mechanism to lend collective heft to the individual economic and geopolitical interests of each member.

The world already has such an organisation, and its bi-annual leadership forum – the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) – is it. Yet, every two years like clockwork, the usual, ill-informed questions about the purpose and future of this oldest international organisation of partner nations appear: How can it survive its members becoming republics? What is the purpose of an institution that is neither a single market nor a regional political union?

The organisation’s demise has been predicted for decades, mostly because of the misunderstanding that becoming a republic means Commonwealth exit. Quite the opposite: it is in fact a path most members have trod.

History aside, today the Commonwealth is more relevant than it has been in decades. The world is moving beyond regional trade and governance blocs, shifting towards global networks of nations with shared interests across regions and hemispheres.

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) – spanning the Americas and Asia, and with the accession of the UK, Europe and binding 12 countries in a trade-based pact – is one example; the Alliance for Small Island States (AOSIS), an intergovernmental organisation of low-lying coastal and small island countries, comprising 39 nations stretching across all corners of the globe is another. Though one is for trade, the other for political salience, both are based not on geography but on a common interest – the convening principle for which the Commonwealth is the original item.  

While multi-continental, global networks are back in favour, that doesn’t mean the Commonwealth could not benefit from a rethink. As President of the Commonwealth’s second most populous state, I believe more can and should be done together on economic cooperation and mutual political support.

Bi-lateral agreements between AfCFTA and leading Commonwealth economies such as the UK, India, and Australia would create a web of interlinked trade agreements among Commonwealth nations, driving closer cooperation and deeper integration across the Commonwealth. Britain has proposed a UK-AfCFTA trade agreement. Others should follow.

Nigeria urges larger Commonwealth economies to prioritise importing materials and foodstuffs from African Commonwealth nations.

Supported by bilateral trade agreements, there’s no reason why African coffee or fresh produce couldn’t be offered to Western Commonwealth members at preferential rates in exchange for investment in local processing industries. This would not only integrate our economies but also provide nations like Britain with affordable products they can’t grow while creating jobs in Africa – reducing the need for migration by offering better opportunities at home.

The Commonwealth has finally begun caucusing as a group at the United Nations, a development that surprisingly only became official a few years ago. While not every vote is or should be taken as a bloc, one thing is clear: securing an African seat on the UN Security Council with Commonwealth backing would supercharge the relevance of our 56-country family. This move would decisively prove the Commonwealth’s importance and silence doubts about its future.

Far from done, the Commonwealth’s time has come.  

•Bola Tinubu is the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria